4^th World Congress on Infection Prevention and Control November 28-29, 2016 ( 8 Keynotes, 2 Special sessions, 2 Days,1 Event) Valencia, Spain

Benjamin Kung is the Program Manager of IPAC for the CPSA and additionally serves as Governance Committee Chair on the Board of Directors, Alberta Public Health Association. He has completed his undergraduate training in Microbiology/Biology from University of Victoria and Environmental Public Health from British Columbia Institute of Technology, followed by graduate studies in IPAC from University of British Columbia and Epidemiology at London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine.

Historically in Alberta, responsibility for monitoring infection prevention & control (IPAC) in non-governmental, unaccredited medical clinics had fallen on the business owner and/or physicians. In 2007, a sentinel event triggered a government directed review of IPAC in these settings. A program was created under the direction of a 10-member Advisory Committee: Infectious disease specialists, medical officers of health, senior infection control practitioners, and community physicians and surgeons. CPSA has since actively monitored IPAC with a priority on standards for MDR (cleaning, disinfection and sterilization of medical devices). Alberta has approximately 1700 medical facilities in the “non-governmental, unaccredited” category. Over 600 (>35%) perform some type of MDR and these were assessed for adherence to standards during 2008-2015. In 2013, a provincial policy for reporting the most critical deficiencies was formalized. From 2013-15, 131 assessments identified 17 (13.0%) with risks exceeding the reporting threshold to public health. Deficiencies contributing to the likelihood of reporting included but were not limited to inadequate device cleaning, lack of monitoring sterilization cycles for physical (time, temperature), chemical and/or biological parameters, use of unlicensed sterilizers and inadequate level of reprocessing given device risk classification (Spaulding’s). Post-exposure risk assessment deemed four (3.0%, n=131) a sufficient threat to initiate look backs for blood-borne pathogen exposure (HIV, HBV & HCV). Formal reporting and post-exposure risk assessment confirmed initial observations suggesting clinics performing MDR are at elevated risk of breaching IPAC principles that may jeopardize patient safety. The logistics and value of providing clinic support via robust regulatory controls is worth exploring.

Veronika Szaboova is affiliated to the Comenius University, Slovakia.

Recently, thanks to immunization, no cases of measles have been reported in Slovakia. Information on the immune status of the population is important to prevent possible re-emergence of the disease. However, the last nationwide immunological survey in Slovakia was carried out in 2002. This work estimates current (2014) measles susceptibility in individual age groups using mathematic modeling. The analysis is based on administrative data on vaccination coverage, the immunological survey from 2002 and demographic data on age structure of the Slovak population. The cohort model considered changes since 2002: new single dose vaccinated cohorts (born 2000-2012) and cohorts vaccinated with the second dose (born 1989-2002). In other cohorts, immunity naturally partially waned and the proportion of cohorts with more effective post-infection immunity (naturally infected) declined. In 2002, there were approximately 241,000 susceptible individuals (approximately 4.5% of the population) in Slovakia. Most of them, besides children aged below one year and yet not vaccinated, were aged 17-34. In 2014, there were approximately 383,000 susceptible individuals (approximately 7.1% of the population), mostly non-vaccinated children up to one year and adults aged 30-45 years. These adults constituted the most prevalent susceptible cohort. The increased proportion of susceptible population is partially attributable to natural waning of the immunity in vaccinated individuals without natural contact with the disease. Therefore, in a potential epidemic outbreak, alongside the unvaccinated, 30-45 year old individuals (cohort born 1969-1984) will be the most endangered. Although the mathematic modeling, due to its limitations, cannot fully substitute the immunological survey, the estimations can sufficiently identify the endangered population cohorts to adjust the vaccination policy appropriately.

Henrieta Hudeckovais affiliated to the Comenius University, Slovakia.

Measles is one of the most contagious diseases known affecting respiratory system. Currently measles is eliminated in Slovakia since 1999. In this period, they were recorded only as imported and import-related cases. Our objectives were to describe the impact of vaccination strategy on measles incidence at national and regional levels and to assess the risk factors for measles infection. Our work is retrospective review of measles cases reported since January 1969 to December 2015. Measles reported cases are based on the standard criteria of ECDC. The data on morbidity were collected from the Epidemiological Information System of the Slovak Republic and data on the vaccination (according to the years of birth and the number of doses: MCV1 and MCV2) from the annual reports of administrative control of vaccination coverage. This study covers and compares periods: 1969-1984 (beginning of vaccination and its balance), 1985-1999 (decrease of endemic cases) and 2000-2015 (elimination of measles). The incidence of measles decreased during 1969-2015 mainly in the first (reported 108,091 cases; 145.4/100000) and second (reported 2,474 cases; 3.1/100000) period. In the third period only 23 import and import-related cases were reported. The highest age specific incidence was in the age group 0-4. The vaccination coverage was at the highest level (98-99%) in the long term, in the last three children cohorts (born in 2011, 2012 & 2013) decrease to 96.8-93.9%. Our analysis showed the positive impact of vaccination on the epidemiological situation and increase of anti-vaccination activities and risk population (Romany population and migrants).

Hammad A is affiliated to the National Ribat University, Sudan.

Background: Humans infected with schistosoma parasite demonstrate substantial immune responses against both adult worms and eggs. This response can be studied in different age group in both males and females in exposed and infected population. The study aimed to determine the humoral immune responses of Sudanese residents in an endemic area of Schistosoma haematobium. Methods: Syringe filtration techniques were used to detect Schistosoma haematobium eggs. To rule out Schistosoma mansoni and other helminths infection, Kato Katz technique for the examination of stool was used. One hundred twenty eight individuals were included in the study. Twenty one subjects who were Schistosoma haematobium negative participated in the study as a control group. Different ELISA techniques were used to detect different anti-Schistosoma haematobium antibodies. Results: The mean infection intensity was 61.92 eggs per 10 ml urine. Peak infections were found among the age group of 3-13 year. 53.1% had light infection and 46.9% had heavy infection. High levels of anti-soluble egg antigen (SEA) IgE was detected in infected individuals in the age group range (13-23 years) while low levels were observed in individual of ˃23 year of age. The highest anti- (SEA) IgA level was detected in old patients. The highest anti-SEA IgM levels were found in children aged 3-13 year. Females produced high levels of anti-SEA IgE, IgM and IgG, while males produced high levels of IgA. Conclusion: These results showed high production of IgE which may protect the host until development of other immune responses and may also protect the host from re-infection.

Musa H A is affiliated to the National Ribat University, Sudan.

Background: Schistosome-specific acquired immunity capable of reducing levels of infection or re-infection develops slowly. The nature of these protective immune responses suggesting that anti-helminths immune responses fall into a Th1 (pro-inflammatory) and Th2 (anti-inflammatory). Objective: The aim of this study was the detection and quantification of pro-inflammatory cytokines in both sera and urine of patients with urinary schistosomiasis. Methodology: One hundred and thirty sera and urine were collected from patients with urinary schistosomiasis in two villages south Elduiem (Sudan). The disease was confirmed by finding Schistosoma haematobium eggs in urine using syringe filtration techniques. To rule out Schistosoma mansoni and other helminths infection Kato Katz technique for stool examination was used. Sera and urine of seventy subjects who were Schistosoma haematobium negative included in the study as controls. Samples were examined for IFNγ and IL-2, cytokines level using ELISA techniques. Results: The prevalence of Schistosoma haematobium infection in the study population showed that the peak of infection was in childhood (3-13 years) followed by a sharp decline in infection intensity. Males infected more than females 62% and 38% respectively. Measurements of parasite specific cytokine responses showed high levels of both cytokine productions before treatment then after treatment. There are significant differences in cytokine production in infected groups and control one. Females produce high levels of IFNγ and IL-2 than males. Aged people produce high levels of both cytokine than young people. There are a positive association between the production of cytokine and intensity of the infection. Conclusion: The conclusion drawn from the study is that pro-inflammatory cytokines were produced in large amount before treatment with significant difference between males and females.

Ould Yeru Karima is a student in Faculté Science in the Department of Biology, University of Mascara, Algeria.

Laurus nobilis is an aromatic plant, widespread in Algeria and widely used by local people as a source of spice and for its medicinal properties. The essential oil of this plant native to western Algeria is the subject of our study. The essential oil extraction was performed by steam distillation, the yield obtained from leaf is (1.5%) by gavage Wistar rats males weight between 100g 80 et were infected with Salmonella then treated with a dose 1 g/kg of the essential oil. After sacrifice of the rats, histological examination of the intestines and internal organ (liver and spleen) shows the therapy of this magic plant Laurus nobilis.

Ould Yeru Karima is a student in Faculté Science in the Department of Biology, University of Mascara, Algeria.

Dried leaves and the essential oil (EO) of bay (Laurus nobilis L.) are used extensively in the food industry for seasoning of meat products, soups and fishes, this essential oils was extracted from leaves by hydrodistillation. The yield was 1%. The aim of this study was to evaluate the antibacterial activity of this essential oils against three bacterial strains Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Orted that the high content of 1,8-cineole in the EO of L. nobilis contributed to its weak antimicrobial activity.